Influence of alcohol and tobacco consumption on maternal and perinatal outcomes of puerperal women attended at the Brazilian National Health System / Influência do consumo de álcool e tabaco em desfechos maternos e perinatais de puérperas atendidas no Sistema Único de Saúde

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy with maternal and child health conditions. Methods: cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of pregnant women living in Santa Catarina who conducted prenatal care and childbirth in the public national health service in 2019. A face-to-face survey questionnaire was applied to 3,580 pregnant women including maternal health issues during pregnancy and perinatal health of the newborn. Crude logistic regression analyzes were performed and adjusted for socio-demographic and maternal health conditions. Results: the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco consumption during pregnancy was 7.2% and 9.3%, respectively. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy increased the chance of maternal anemia by 45% (CI95%=1.09-1.91), increased the chance of gestational diabetes by 73% (CI95%=1.14-2.63) and reduced the chance of hypertension (OR=0.59; CI95%=0.37-0.94). Tobacco consumption doubled the chance of low birth weight (OR=2.16; CI95%=1.33-3.51). Conclusion: the consumption of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy increased the chance of maternal health complications, such as anemia and gestational diabetes, while tobacco increased the chance of low birth weight.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre o consumo de álcool e de tabaco durante a gravidez com condições de saúde maternas e da criança. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de gestantes residentes em Santa Catarina que realizaram o pré-natal e o parto na rede pública do estado em 2019. Foi aplicado questionário face-a-face com 3.580 gestantes incluindo questões de saúde maternas durante a gestação e saúde perinatal do recém-nascido. Foram realizadas análises de regressão logística brutas e ajustadas para condições sócio-demográficas e de saúde maternas. Resultados: as prevalências de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e de tabaco durante a gestação foram de 7,2% e 9,3%, respectivamente. O consumo de álcool durante a gestação aumentou em 45% a chance de anemia materna (IC95%=1,09-1,91) e em 73% a de diabetes gestacional (IC95%=1,14-2,63) e reduziu a chance de hipertensão (OR=0,59; IC95%=0,37-0,94). O consumo de tabaco dobrou a chance de baixo peso gestacional ao nascer (OR=2,16; IC95%=1,33-3,51). Conclusão: o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas durante a gestação aumentou a chance de intercorrências de saúde maternas, como anemia e diabetes gestacional, enquanto o tabaco aumentou a chance de baixo peso ao nascer.

Cáncer de cavidad oral en pacientes del departamento de cirugía de cabeza y cuello - cátedra y servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital de Clínicas - Universidad Nacional de Asunción / Oral cavity cancer in patients from the department of head and neck surgery - chair and otorhinolaryngology service of the Hospital de Clínicas - National University of Asunción

La cavidad oral está continuamente expuesta a carcinógenos inhalados e ingeridos (tabaco y alcohol principalmente), y por lo tanto es el sitio más común para el origen de neoplasias en la región de la cabeza y el cuello.Para esta investigación, se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal, retrospectivo, de muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Se incluyó a pacientes mayores de edad, con diagnóstico clínico y anatomopatológico de cáncer de cavidad oral.Así, se incluyó una serie de 17 casos de carcinoma escamocelular oral, 13 hombres (76 %) y 4 mujeres (24 %), donde la edad de los individuos osciló entre 32 y 73 años.El 65 % de los pacientes era fumador y el 71% refirió consumo de bebidas alcohólicas.La lengua fue la localización tumoral más frecuente, con el 71% de las personas que se encontraba en estadio IV, y con moderado grado de diferenciación histológica. Como conclusión, se determinó que la mayor parte de los pacientes de este estudio correspondían al sexo masculino de 50 a 70 años. Un alto porcentaje de los pacientes refería el hábito tabáquico, y mayor aún el consumo de alcohol. El subsitio más frecuentemente afectado es la lengua, en estadios avanzados y moderado grado de diferenciación.

INTRODUCTION: The oral cavity is continuously exposed to inhaled and ingested carcinogens (mainly tobacco and alcohol), and therefore it is the most common site for the origin of neoplasms in the head and neck region. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective, observational study of non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was carried out. Adult patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of oral cavity cancer were included. RESULTS: A series of 17 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma was included, 13 men (76%) and 4 women (24%). The age of the individuals ranged between 32 and 73 years.65% of the patients were smokers, and 71% reported consumption of alcoholic beverages.The tongue was the most frequent tumor location, 71% were in stage IV, and with a moderate degree of histological differentiation. CONCLUSION: Most of the patients in this study were males between 50 and 70 years of age. A high percentage of patients reported smoking, and an even higher percentage of alcohol consumption. The most frequently affected subsite is the tongue, in advanced stages and a moderate degree of differentiation.

Estilos de vida relacionados con la salud en estudiantes de Enfermería / Lifestyles health related in Nursing students

Introducción: los cambios de conductas saludables a las no saludables ponen en riesgo la salud, los universitarios son una población muy vulnerable para adoptar estilos de vida que puedan favorecer su calidad de vida. El consumo de alcohol y tabaco como conducta es un tema importante en esta etapa de formación profesional. Objetivo: determinar las conductas de estilo de vida relacionados con la salud como el consumo de cigarrillos, alcohol y drogas, hábitos alimentarios, forma física, control del estrés y seguridad que realizan los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, México. Metodología: estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal en una muestra de 666 estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados: predominó el género femenino con 83%, el 62.8% presenta un buen estilo de vida, seguido del 30.3% que tiene un excelente estilo de vida; el 79.1% corresponde a los estudiantes que no fuman y el 37.8% de los estudiantes tiene una buena alimentación. Los estudiantes calificaron su forma física como regular en el 41% de los casos, seguida de mala con el 34.5%. En cuanto a la práctica de control del estrés calificaron como buena con un 50.8% y excelente con 26.1%. Conclusión: los estudiantes de Enfermería tienen un nivel de estilo de vida bueno relacionado con la salud, los más practicados corresponden a las dimensiones de consumo de alcohol, hábitos alimentarios, control de estrés y seguridad. Es importante considerar la dimensión relacionada con la forma física (práctica de ejercicio físico), ya que se practica ocasionalmente, lo que demuestra que los estudiantes llevan un estilo de vida sedentario.

Introduction: Changes from healthy to unhealthy behaviors put health at risk, so university students are a very vulnerable population to adopt lifestyles that can favor their quality of life. The consumption of alcohol and tobacco as conduct is an important issue at this stage of professional training. Objective: To determine the lifestyle behaviors related to health such as the consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and drugs, eating habits, physical fitness, stress control and safety carried out by the students of the Bachelor of Nursing at the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, in Mexico. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study in a sample of 666 Nursing undergraduate students selected by non-probabilistic sampling. Results: The female gender predominated with 83%, 62.8% have a good lifestyle, followed by 30.3% who have an excellent lifestyle; 79.1% corresponds to students who do not smoke and 37.8% of students have a good diet. The students rated their physical fitness as fair in 41% of the cases, followed by poor with 34.5%. Regarding the practice of stress control, they qualified as good with 50.8% and excellent with 26.1%. Conclusion: Nursing students have a good level of lifestyle related to health, the most practiced correspond to the dimensions of alcohol consumption, eating habits, stress control and safety. It is important to consider the dimension related to physical fitness (practice of physical exercise), since it is only practiced occasionally, which shows that students lead a sedentary lifestyle.

The correlation between micronuclei count and smoking behavior: a hospital-based study / Correlación entre recuento de micronúcleos y hábito tabáquico: un estudio hospitalario

Background: Micronucleus is a microscopically visible cyto-plasmic chromatin mass in the extranuclear vicinity, originating from aberrant mitosis, which consists of eccentric chromosomes that have failed to reach spindle poles during mitosis. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare cytogenetic changes in the buccal mucosa of smokers and non-smokers based on the occurrence of micronuclei. The study aimed to determine the correlation between the micronuclei count and the frequency and duration of smoking habit. Materials and Methods: Two groups (smokers and non-smokers) of 34 individuals each were examined. Cytological buccal smears were taken from participants using a moistened wooden spatula and stained with standard Papanicolaou stain. Presence of micronuclei was assessed at 40X magnification using a light microscope and a count per 500 cells was determined. The results of the study were analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Student t-test. Result: Smears from smokers showed a significant increase in the total number of micronuclei per 500 cell count compared to non-smokers. There was a strong positive correlation between the occurrence of micronuclei and the frequency and duration of smoking. A age-related increase in older age groups was also observed. Conclusion: The study reveals a strong positive correlation between the occurrence of micronuclei and the frequency and duration of smoking. This observation is vital in the utilization of the micronuclei detection in smears as a prognostic, educational and interventional tool in the management of patients with smoking habits.

Antecedentes: El micronúcleo es una masa de cromatina citoplasmática microscópicamente visible en el área extranuclear, que se origina a partir de la mitosis aberrante, y que consiste en cromosomas excéntricos que no han podido alcanzar los polos del huso durante la mitosis. El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar y comparar los cambios citogenéticos en la mucosa bucal de fumadores y no fumadores en función de la aparición de micronúcleos. El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la correlación entre el recuento de micronúcleos y la frecuencia y duración del hábito de fumar. Materiales and Métodos: Se examinaron dos grupos (fumadores y no fumadores) de 34 individuos cada uno. Se tomaron frotis bucales citológicos de todos los participantes con una espátula de madera humedecida y se tiñeron con la tinción estándar de Papanicolaou. La presencia de micronúcleos se evaluó al microscopio óptico con un aumento de 40X y se determinó un recuento por 500 células. Los resultados del estudio se analizaron estadísticamente utilizando la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, el coeficiente de correlación de rango de Spearman y la prueba t de Student. Resultados: Los frotis de fumadores mostraron un aumento significativo en el número total de micronúcleos por 500 células en comparación con los no fumadores. Hubo una fuerte correlación positiva entre la aparición de micronúcleos y la frecuencia y duración del tabaquismo. También se observó un aumento relacionado con la edad en los grupos de mayor edad. Conclusión: el estudio revela una fuerte correlación positiva entre la aparición de micronúcleos y la frecuencia y duración del tabaquismo. Esta observación es vital en la utilización de la detección de micronúcleos en frotis como una herramienta pronostica, educativa e intervencionista en el manejo de pacientes con hábitos de fumar.

La Relación entre la Salud Oral y el Consumo de Tabaco. Un Estudio de los Habitantes de la Rioja Alta / The Relationship Between Oral Health and Tobacco Consumption. A Study of the Inhabitants of La Rioja Alta

RESUMEN: Estudiar los efectos del consumo de tabaco (producto adictivo) en la salud de los pacientes sigue siendo una prioridad para la sociedad. Tras la lectura de "La Historia Medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales" de Nicolás Monardes se realizó una lista de todos los beneficios que se le atribuían al tabaco. Uno de los pocos que no han sido refutados es el del consumo de tabaco para el dolor de muelas. Por ello el objetivo del estudio es relacionar el consumo de tabaco con la salud bucodental (caries) para replicar la afirmación de Monardes. Estudio piloto con pacientes que acuden al dentista en el área de La Rioja Alta (España). Se pidió permiso a los individuos que acudían para tratar sus datos personales en el estudio. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Ochenta y tres pacientes cedieron sus datos para la realización del estudio, siendo la mayoría mujeres (59.13%). La mayoría no son consumidores de tabaco, los consumidores son en su totalidad fumadores diarios. El número medio de caries de la población es de 2.74, siendo el de los fumadores 3.90 y el de los no fumadores 2.10. El número tan bajo de la muestra no permite realizar un estudio de significatividad. Pero, un primer resultado evidencia que los fumadores tienen una peor salud bucodental, lo que los lleva a tener más caries. Esta diferencia no es tan acuciada si se realiza el estudio entre otras variables (sexo, localidad o edad).

ABSTRACT: Studying the effects of tobacco use (addictive product) on the health of patients continues to be a priority for society. After reading " La Historia Medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales " by Nicolás Monardes, a list of all the benefits attributed to tobacco was made. One of the few that has not been refuted is the use of tobacco for toothache. Therefore, the objective of the study is to relate the consumption of snuff with oral health (caries) to replicate the claim of Monardes. A pilot study with patients who visit the dentist in La Rioja Alta (Spain) was carried out. Permission was sought from the individuals who came to discuss their personal data in the study. Descriptive statistics was used. Eighty-three patients gave their data for the study, with the majority being women (59.13%). The majority are not tobacco consumers; tobacco users are in their entirety daily smokers. The average number of caries of the population is 2.74, being that of smokers 3.90 and that of non-smokers 2.10. The low number of the sample does not allow a study of significance. However, initial results show that smokers have worse oral health, which leads them to have more cavities. This difference is not critical if the study includes other variables (sex, location or age).

Tobacco and Alcohol Use and Clinical Staging of Head and Neck Tumors

Abstract Objective: To determine the relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption and staging of head and neck cancer in patients treated at a referral hospital for cancer treatment. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on medical records of patients with head and neck cancer treated between 2008 and 2015. The following variables were considered: gender, age, marital status, educational level, place of residence, profession, affected site, clinical staging of neoplasms, histopathological diagnosis, tobacco and alcohol consumption. Results: Of the 154 medical records analyzed, there was a predominance of male patients (72.7%), single (50%), with low education (88.1%), rural workers (38.3%), residents in the state countryside (70.2%) and aged 20-94 years. T3 and T4 size tumors prevailed. A significant correlation was found between alcohol use and tumor size (p=0.03) and presence of nodules (p<0.001), as well as between alcohol use and smoking with tumor size (p=0.04) and presence of nodules (p=0.019). No correlations were observed between tobacco use and injury staging. Conclusion: There was strong significance between tumor size and presence of nodules, both with the use of alcohol alone and with tobacco, thus suggesting the existence of important carcinogenic action of this substance.

Prevalence and factors associated to the use of illicit drugs and psychotropic medications among brazilian undergraduates

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of use of psychoactive substances (PS) and its associated factors in undergraduate students of a university in southern Brazil. The study was carried out with 830 undergraduate students in the year 2016. The individuals answered a self-administered questionnaire about the PS and its prevalence of daily use, in the last 30 days or at any time of their lives, as well as socioeconomic conditions and academic variables. Caffeine-based energy drinks was the most consumed psychoactive substance (96.3%) among undergraduates in the last 30 days, followed by alcohol (64.0%). Among the illicit drugs most consumed in the last 30 days was marijuana (17.3%), while anxiolytics and amphetamines were the most prevalent psychoactive medicaments in the last 30 days. The prevalence of lifetime illicit drugs used by these students was 41.5%, where we highlight besides marijuana (38.6%) the high consumption of cocaine (7.8%), ecstasy (9.3%) and solvents. Socioeconomic and demographic factors such as gender, have children, religion, and financial background as well as academic variables were associated to recent consumption of these substances. This study concluded there is a high prevalence of use of PS among the undergraduate students, including illicit drugs.

Tabaquismo y cáncer de pulmón / Tobacco use and lung cancer

Resumen: El tabaquismo es la principal causa de cáncer de pulmón. Participa en la etiología y, dependiendo de la intensidad y duración, influye en el tipo histológico, el estadio de la enfermedad y el efecto del tratamiento, por lo que nunca es tarde para dejar de fumar. La toxicidad del humo del tabaco es tan alta que no existe ninguna modalidad segura de tabaquismo. Los filtros, las diferentes variedades de cigarros light, los puros, pipas de agua, etc. son prohibitivamente dañinas. Inclusive los diferentes dispositivos electrónicos para la administración de nicotina, además de promocionar la adicción, tienen efectos respiratorios y cardiovasculares a corto plazo y, aunque aún es pronto para conocer sus consecuencias a largo plazo, se han identificado efectos en la proliferación celular y progresión tumoral. Por lo anterior, las campañas para el control del tabaquismo deben considerar estos productos como su principal amenaza.

Abstract: Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. It plays a role in the etiology, and depending on the intensity and duration, it also has an influence on histology, stage and therapeutic outcome. Therefore, it is never too late to stop smoking. Tobacco smoke is so toxic, that there is no safe smoking modality. Filters, light cigarettes, pipes, water pipes, etc. are prohibitively harmful. In addition, the electronic nicotine delivery systems, besides promoting addiction, cause acute respiratory and cardiovascular effects. In addition, even though long-term consequences are yet to be known, cell proliferation and tumor progression have been identified. Tobacco control efforts should look at all these new products as its main threat.

Carga de enfermedad atribuible al uso del tabaco en Paraguay y potencial impacto sanitario y económico del aumento del precio a través de impuestos / Burden of disease attributable to tobacco use in Paraguay, and potential health and financial impact of increasing prices through taxing

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar la carga de enfermedad asociada al consumo de tabaco en Paraguay y evaluar el potencial efecto económico y sanitario del aumento de precio mediante impuestos. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó un modelo de microsimulación de Monte Carlo que incorporó la historia natural, costos y calidad de vida de enfermedades asociadas al tabaquismo para el 2015. Asimismo, se estimó el impacto en varios escenarios de aumento de impuestos sobre la prevalencia de tabaquismo y la recaudación fiscal. Resultados. 3354 personas mueren al año en Paraguay por consecuencia del tabaquismo. El 19 % de las muertes son por enfermedad isquémica cardíaca, el 15 % por accidentes cerebrovasculares. El 77 % de las muertes por enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y el 83 % de cáncer de pulmón son atribuibles al tabaquismo. Estas enfermedades en Paraguay representan un costo médico directo anual de más de 1,5 x 106 millones de guaraníes, mientras la recaudación impositiva por la venta de cigarrillos apenas llega a cubrir un 20 % de este gasto. Un aumento en el precio de los cigarrillos del 50 % vía impuestos, podría llevar a evitar 2507 muertes en diez años y generar recursos por 2,4 x 106 millones por ahorro en gastos sanitarios y aumento de recaudación. Conclusiones. El costo y la carga de enfermedad asociado al consumo de tabaco en el sistema de salud es elevado en Paraguay. Un aumento del precio de los cigarrillos a través de los impuestos tendría importantes beneficios sanitarios y podría compensar parcialmente los costos sanitarios.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To consider the burden of disease associated to tobacco consumption in Paraguay and to evaluate the potential economic and health effect of price increase through taxes. Materials and Methods . A Monte Carlo simulation model was designed incorporating natural history, costs, and quality of life of diseases associated to smoking for 2015. Also, several scenarios were considered for the impact of tax raises on the prevalence of smoking and fiscal collection. Results . In Paraguay, 3,354 people die every year as a consequence of smoking. Nineteen percent of deaths are due to cardiac ischemia, 15% due to stroke. 77% of deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 83% of lung cancer can be attributed to smoking. These diseases in Paraguay represent an annual direct medical cost of more than 1.5 trillion PYG, while the tax collection from cigarette sales barely covers 20% of this expense. A 50% increase in the price of cigarettes via taxes could avoid 2507 deaths in ten years and generate resources by 2.4 trillion in savings in health expenses and tax of collection. Conclusions . The cost and the burden of disease associated to tobacco consumption is high in the health system in Paraguay. An increase in cigarette price through taxes could have significant health benefits and could offset health costs in part.

Evaluación emocional y actitudinal de advertencias sanitarias de tabaco en adultos y jóvenes de Argentina / Emotional and attitudinal evaluation of tobacco health warnings among youngsters and adults in Argentina

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el impacto emocional y las respuestas cognitivas y actitudinales de las advertencias sanitarias, para evitar el consumo del tabaco. Material y métodos Se evaluaron 27 advertencias sanitarias de control del tabaco, procedentes de Argentina y de otros países, en 151 adolescentes y 168 adultos. Se aplicó un instrumento estandarizado para medir valencia y activación emocional y un cuestionario estructurado para la medición cognitivo-actitudinal. Se analizaron las correlaciones según edad y sexo, nivel de instrucción, condición de fumador, etapa de cambio en fumadores y susceptibilidad en adolescentes no fumadores. Resultados Se observó alta correlación entre las valoraciones cognitivo-actitudinales y las emocionales. Las advertencias basadas en imágenes cruentas y de sufrimiento generaron más respuestas actitudinales asociadas con el abandono y la prevención del consumo del tabaco. Conclusiones Se recomienda el uso de advertencias con altos niveles de activación emocional tanto para adultos como para adolescentes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate variables of tobacco health warnings associated with their emotional impact, the perception of smoking risks and the perceived effectiveness to avoid tobacco use. Materials and methods Teenagers (151) and adults (168) evaluated 27 tobacco health warnings selected from the sets used on tobacco packages in Argentina and in other countries. A standardized affective rating-scale system and a structured questionnaire measured respectively the emotional impact (hedonic valence and emotional arousal), and the cognitive-behavioral attributions. The correlation between emotional and cognitive-behavioral evaluations was analyzed by age, sex, education level, smoker status, stage of quitting and susceptibility of non-smokers teenagers. Results Strong significant correlations between cognitive-behavioral and emotional assessments were observed. The warnings depicting graphic images of tobacco-related injuries and suffering were considered more valuable for tobacco control, helping quitting and preventing initiation. Conclusions Using graphic images with high emotional arousal is recommended for both adults and teenagers.

Características de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica por consumo de tabaco en pacientes de servicios de neumología de Lima y Callao / Characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to tobacco consumption in pneumology patients in lima and callao

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características clínicas de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), atendidos en los servicios de Neumología de centros especializados de Lima y Callao. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 196 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 69 años, rango intercuartil 63-75 años. El 31,1 % de los pacientes se encontró en el grupo GOLD 1/leve (VEF1 ≥80 %), el 41,8 % en el grupo GOLD 2/moderado (50 %≤VEF1<80 %), el 22,5 % en el grupo GOLD 3/severo (30 %≤VEF1<50 %), y el 4,6 % en el grupo GOLD 4/muy severo (VEF1 <30 %). El 93,9 % usaba algún tipo de medicación para EPOC, la terapia más usada fue la combinación de beta agonistas de acción larga/corticoides inhalados (LABA/ICS) con 31,1 %. Se ha obtenido una primera caracterización de pacientes con EPOC atendidos en estos centros. Es imprescindible complementar lo encontrado con estudios longitudinales.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with COPD receiving treatment at the pneumology units of specialized care centers in Lima and Callao. A cross-sectional study was performed on 196 patients, with a mean age of 69 years, interquartile range of 63-75 years. Of these patients, 31.1% was classified in the GOLD 1/ mild group (FEV1 ≥80%); 41.8% in the GOLD 2/moderate group (50%≤FEV1<80%); 22.5% in the GOLD 3/severe group (30%≤FEV1<50%), and 4.6% in the GOLD 4/very severe group (FEV1 <30%). A 93.9% of patients used some type of medication for COPD. The most-frequently used therapy was the combination of long-acting beta agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) (31.1%). A preliminary characterization has been obtained for COPD patients treated in these centers, but it is essential to complement these findings with longitudinal studies.

Association between crack cocaine use and reduced salivary flow

Abstract Crack cocaine use appears to have an impact on oral conditions. However, changes in the salivary flow among crack users have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to compare stimulated salivary flow and the occurrence of hyposalivation between crack users and non-users. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 40 crack users and 40 controls matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. Interviews were conducted to acquire data on the perception of dry mouth (xerostomia) and drug use. Stimulated salivary flow was determined using the spitting method. A significant reduction in stimulated salivary flow was found among crack users in comparison to non-users (1.02 vs. 1.59 ml/min). A total of 42.5% and 15% of crack users had very low and low stimulated salivary flow, respectively. Moreover, 65% of users reported xerostomia in comparison to 37.5% non-users (p < 0.012). No significant association was found between xerostomia and hyposalivation (p = 0.384). A multivariate analysis revealed that individuals older than 26 years of age, those with a low household income, and crack users (prevalence ratio: 2.59) had a significant association with the occurrence of hyposalivation. A significant association was found between the use of crack and reduced salivary flow. The use of crack was associated with the occurrence of hyposalivation in the multivariate analysis.

Consumo de tabaco, alcohol y marihuana según autodeclaración en mujeres que tuvieron su parto en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rosell (mayo 2013-abril 2014) / Smoking, alcohol and marijuana consumption in a self-report by women who delivered their babies at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (May 2013- April 2014)

Introducción: la prevalencia del consumo de drogas entre las mujeres que quedan embarazadas es probable que sea similar al de la población general, lo que puede resultar en una alta exposición fetal durante el primer trimestre, etapa más vulnerable con respecto al neurodesarrollo y organogénesis(¹).Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco, alcohol, marihuana y derivados de cocaína durante el embarazo, según el autorreporte en mujeres que tuvieron su parto en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell.Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, analítico, durante el período de un año. Los datos fueron recabados a partir de una encuesta protocolizada realizada a mujeres durante el puerperio inmediato y se recolectaron datos de la historia clínica.Resultados: se entrevistaron 319 mujeres. La mayoría eran mayores de 18 años (83,65%) con una media de 24,67 años; el embarazo no había sido planificado en 182 casos (57%). Declararon haber fumado tabaco alguna vez durante el embarazo 136 mujeres (42,63%), la mayor parte de las que abandonaron el hábito lo hicieron en el primer trimestre. Declararon consumo de alcohol en el embarazo 76 mujeres (23,82%), 5 (1,5%) reportaron consumo de marihuana durante el embarazo. Declararon consumir cocaína y pasta base de cocaína 3 (0,94%) y 3 (0,94%), respectivamente.Conclusiones: la sustancia que se consume con mayor frecuencia en el embarazo es el tabaco seguido en frecuencia por el alcohol. Un elevado porcentaje de embarazos no planificados puede determinar una mayor exposición a hábitos previos durante el primer trimestre de gestación, período de máxima vulnerabilidad para el desarrollo fetal.

Abstract Introduction: prevalence of drug use in women who get pregnant is likely to be similar to that of the general population, what may result in a high exposure of fetus during the first trimester, the most vulnerable stage with regards to neurodevelopment and organogenesis. Objective: to learn about the prevalence of smoking, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine derivatives during pregnancy, according to a self report by women who delivered their babies at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. Methods: we conducted a descriptive study,The data transversal and analytical during one year. The data were collected by means of a protocolized survey to women during the immediate puerperium and data was taken from the medical record. Results: 319 women were surveyed. Most women were older than 18 years old (83.65%) with an average of 24.67 years old; pregnancy had not been planned in 182 cases (57%). 136 women declared to have smoked during pregnancy (42.63%), most of those who quit the habit did it in the first trimester. 76 women declared to have drunk alcohol during pregnancy (23.825), 5 (1.5%) reported marijuana consumption during pregnancy. Three women declared they had consumed cocaine and 3 to have consumed coca paste (0.94 and 0.94 respectively). Conclusions: the substance that is more widely used during pregnancy is tobacco, followed by alcohol. A high percentage of unwanted pregnancies may determine a higher exposure to previous habit during the first trimester of pregnancy, when fetus are most vulnerable.

Resumo Introdução: a prevalência do consumo de drogas entre as mulheres que ficam grávidas provavelmente é similar ao da população em geral, o que pode causar uma alta exposição fetal durante o primer trimestre, etapa em que o feto é mais vulnerável com relação ao neurodesenvolvimento e a organogênese(¹). Objetivo: conhecer a prevalência do consumo de tabaco, álcool, maconha e derivados da cocaína durante a gravidez, de acordo com a auto declaração de mulheres cujos partos foram realizados no Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material e método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo de tipo transversal, analítico, durante o período de um ano. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas protocolizadas realizadas a mulheres durante o puerpério imediato e também foram coletados dados do prontuário das pacientes. Resultados: foram entrevistadas 319 mulheres. A maioria tinha mais de 18 anos (83,65%) com una media de 24,67 anos; a gravidez não havia sido planejada em 182 casos (57%). Declararam haver fumado tabaco alguma vez durante a gestação 136 mulheres (42,63%) sendo que a maior parte das que abandonaram o hábito o fez durante o primeiro trimestre. 76 mulheres (23,82%) declararam consumo de álcool durante a gravidez e 5 (1,5%) de maconha. 3 (0,94%) informaram consumir cocaína e 3 (0,94%) seus derivados (crack). Conclusões: a substância consumida com maior frequência durante a gravidez é o tabaco seguido pelo álcool. Uma porcentagem alta de gestações não planejadas pode determinar uma maior exposição a hábitos prévios durante o primeiro trimestre de gestação, período de máxima vulnerabilidade para o desenvolvimento fetal.

Factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal / Risk factors for oral cancer

Introducción: el cáncer bucal, una enfermedad con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, se asocia a factores de riesgo, cuya compleja interrelación está sometida a debate científico. Objetivo: actualizar a los profesionales acerca de los factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal. Métodos: la revisión bibliográfica se realizó en SciELO Regional con los descriptores factores de riesgo y cáncer bucal; se encontraron 31 referencias a texto completo. En Clinical Key con cáncer de labio y cavidad bucal se hallaron 1 746; con los descriptores en inglés genes y oral cancer se obtuvieron 9 822 resultados. En PubMed con el descriptor oral cancer se encontraron 1 207 artículos. En EBSCO con el descriptor oral cancer se encontraron a texto completo de los últimos 5 años, 839 artículos. Se recuperaron 200 artículos en inglés y español, principalmente desde 2010 hasta 2015 y se acotaron 62 artículos. Resultados: en la carcinogénesis bucal se afectan los oncogenes y los genes supresores tumorales. Los factores de riesgo no genéticos son el hábito de fumar, consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, estados carenciales de nutrientes, factores ambientales como las radiaciones y los metales pesados y diferentes infecciones bacterianas, micóticas y virales. Estos factores se relacionan también con inmunodepresión, fricción mecánica por prótesis desajustadas y mala higiene bucal. Conclusiones: se describen los principales factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal. Los genes de susceptibilidad al cáncer interaccionan con factores de riesgo relacionados principalmente con estilos de vida y factores ambientales en una compleja red, cuya identificación y control en la atención primaria de salud es importante en la prevención del cáncer bucal por parte de los estomatólogos(AU)

Introduction: oral cancer is a disease with high morbidity and mortality, associated with risk factors whose complex interplay is subject to scientific debate. Objective: to upgrade to the professionals about the risk factors for oral cancer. Methods: the literature review was conducted in SciELO Regional with the descriptors risk factors and oral cancer, for which 31 full-text references were found. In Clinical Key, with the descriptor cancer of the lip and oral cavity, we found 1746; English descriptors with genes and oral cancer retrieved 9822 results. PubMed, with the descriptor "oral cancer", retrieved 1207 items. EBSCO, with the descriptor "oral cancer", offered full texts of 5 recent years (839 articles). 200 articles in English and Spanish were retrieved, mainly from 2010-2015, and 62 papers were used. Data analisys and integration: in the oral carcinogenesis, tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are affected. The non-genetic risk factors are smoking, alcohol consumption, and nutrient deficiency states, environmental factors such as radiation and heavy metals and different bacterial, fungal and viral infections. These factors are also related to immunosuppression, mechanical friction by maladjusted dentures and poor oral hygiene. Conclusions: the main risk factors for oral cancer are described. Susceptibility genes to cancer interact with risk factors mainly related to lifestyle and environmental factors in a complex network, whose identification and control in primary health care is important in the prevention of oral cancer by dentists(AU)

Tobacco and cancer: epidemiology and new perspectives of prevention and monitoring in Mexico / Tabaquismo: epidemiología y nuevas perspectivas de prevención y vigilancia en México

Abstract Tobacco smoking is causal risk factor of at least 16 different types of cancer. In Mexico, smoking causes 6 035 premature deaths annually of lung cancer and 5 154 from other types. Additionally, 16 408 new smoking- attributable cases are diagnosed, causing high costs in the Mexican health sector. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control is the global strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by this risk factor. Four more cost-effective strategies to ensure the population benefit are: i) increase tobacco taxes, ii) create 100% smoke-free environments, iii) warn damage through health warnings with pictograms and iv) total ban of advertising and promotion. Mexico is call upon to implement with determination this comprehensive strategy to reduce cancer mortality and assuring the health population.

Resumen El tabaquismo es factor de riesgo causal de por lo menos 16 diferentes tipos de cáncer. En México, el tabaquismo causa anualmente 6 035 muertes prematuras por cáncer de pulmón y 5 154 por otros tipos de cáncer. Adicionalmente, se diagnostican 16 408 casos nuevos atribuibles a tabaco, provocando altos costos en el sector salud mexicano. El Convenio Marco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT-OMS) es la estrategia global para reducir la morbimortalidad causada por este factor de riesgo. Son cuatro las estrategias más costoefectivas para garantizar el beneficio poblacional: i) incrementar los impuestos al tabaco, ii) crear ambientes 100% libres de humo de tabaco, iii) advertir los daños a través de advertencias sanitarias con pictogramas y iv) prohibición total de la publicidad. México está llamado a implementar, de manera decidida, esta estrategia integral para reducir la mortalidad por cáncer.

Consumo de sustancias tóxicas en adolescentes con infecciones de transmisión sexual / Toxic substances consumption by adolescent with sexually transmitted infections

Introducción: el panorama mundial muestra un incremento de inadecuados comportamientos no saludables del adolescente, como el inicio de las relaciones sexuales tempranas, la alta incidencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual y el consumo de sustancias tóxicas. Todo esto pudiera estar influenciado por la presencia de factores relacionados con el medio en que se desarrollan los jóvenes, entre ellos el ambiente familiar y la comunidad. Objetivos: identificar necesidades educativas sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual y consumo de sustancias tóxicas en adolescentes de 12 a 15 años de edad residentes en La Habana Vieja, Cuba. Métodos: investigación cualitativa realizada en curso académico 2014-2015. Se evaluó la opinión de adolescentes mediante la realización de un grupo nominal. La información fue analizada y clasificada por los autores en unidades de significación. Resultados: se definieron cinco categorías: incrementar conocimientos sobre los riesgos para las infecciones de transmisión sexual, incrementar conocimientos sobre las prácticas de prevención de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, recibir información sobre las consecuencias del consumo de sustancias tóxicas, actualizar e incrementar conocimientos sobre el uso adecuado del condón y cómo conversar sobre sexualidad y hábitos tóxicos en el hogar, la escuela y el barrio. Conclusiones: las categorías que obtuvieron la mayor puntuación y están en las primeras prioridades para el desarrollo de una estrategia de intervención educativa fueron: recibir información sobre las consecuencias del consumo de sustancias tóxicas, incrementar conocimientos sobre las prácticas de prevención de las infecciones de transmisión sexual y cómo conversar sobre sexualidad y hábitos tóxicos en el hogar, la escuela y el barrio(AU)

Introduction: The world panorama shows an increase in adolescents' unhealthy inadequate behaviors, such as starting sexual intercourse early, the high incidence of sexually transmitted infections and the consumption of toxic substances. All this might be influenced by the presence of factors related with the environment the adolescent are raised in, among them the family and community. Objective: To identify the educational needs about sexually transmitted infections and toxic substances consumption in adolescents at ages 12-15 years residents of the Old Havana Municipality (Cuba). Methods: Qualitative research carried out in the academic year 2014-2015. The adolescents' opinion was assessed by the realization of a nominal group. The information was analyzed and classified by the authors into signification units. Results: Fiver categories were defined: increasing knowledge about the risk for sexually transmitted infections, increasing knowledge about the practices for preventing sexually transmitted infections, receiving information about the consequences of toxic substances consumption, updating and increasing knowledge about the condom's adequate use, and how to talk about sexuality and toxic habits in the home, the school and the neighborhood. Conclusions: The categories that obtained the highest marking and among the first priorities for developing an educational intervention strategy were: receiving information about the consequences of toxic substances consumption, increasing knowledge about the practices for preventing sexually transmitted infections, and how to talk about sexuality and toxic habits in the home, the school and the neighborhood(AU)

Tabaco y salud infantil: un aspecto no suficientemente valorado / Cigarette smoking and child health: an issue that has not yet been assessed enough

La campaña que se desarrolla en Uruguay contra el consumo de tabaco enfatiza sobre los efectos nocivos que produce el cigarrillo en la salud de la población adulta que fuma y en fumadores pasivos. La disminución de afecciones cardiovasculares como el infarto de miocardio y del cáncer de pulmón ha mostrado resultados alentadores en relación a la disminución del número de consumidores, si bien aún no se ha logrado el descenso esperado. La campaña enfoca varios aspectos dirigidos a la presentación de los envoltorios, el precio, pero la que ha mostrado mejores resultados ha sido el consejo personal brindado en los consultorios a fumadores, en especial a embarazadas. Desde hace casi una década han surgido publicaciones que demuestran aspectos de la morbilidad infantil asociada al uso de tabaco por mujeres gestantes. En la etapa prenatal se han evidenciado alteraciones del desarrollo del aparato respiratorio, bajo peso al nacer, parto prematuro así como propensión al aborto. Otras investigaciones han observado que un hogar con fumadores, especialmente durante los primeros meses de la vida del niño constituye un ambiente hostil, negativo para lograr condiciones de sueño seguro, práctica que se describe asociada a la disminución del riesgo a sufrir el síndrome de la muerte súbita del lactante. Es evidente que el consumo de tabaco constituye también un problema real para la salud de la población infantil especialmente aquellos más vulnerables. Los pediatras y médicos que atienden niños podrán promover consejos sobre crianza saludable aconsejando a la madre sobre condiciones para sueño seguro y que evite los fumadores intradomiciliarios.

In Uruguay the tobacco control campaign emphasized the adverse effects of smoking for the adult population as well as secondhand smoking. A reduction in cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer has been achieved, although not as much as expected. The campaign addressed the appearance of cigarette boxes and the price of the product. But what proved the most useful resource was the advice given to pregnant women. In the last decade many articles on the consequences of smoking during pregnancy have been published. Fetal loss, low birth weight and preterm delivery have been widely accepted as consequences of maternal smoking. After birth, smoking near the infant is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatricians, neonatologists and general practitioners that care for infants and children, should advice mothers and family on smoking and health.

Smokeless tobacco use: A meta-analysis of risk and attributable mortality estimates for India.

BACKGROUND: Use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) is widely prevalent in India and Indian subcontinent. Cohort and case–control studies in India and elsewhere report excess mortality due to its use. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to estimate the SLT use‑attributable deaths in males and females, aged 35 years and older, in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prevalence of SLT use in persons aged 35 years and older was obtained from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in India and population size and deaths in the relevant age‑sex groups were obtained from UN estimates (2010 revision) for 2008. A meta‑relative risk (RR) based population attributable fraction was used to estimate attributable deaths in persons aged 35 years and older. A random effects model was used in the meta‑analysis on all‑cause mortality from SLT use in India including four cohort and one case–control study. The studies included in the meta‑analysis were adjusted for smoking, age and education. RESULTS: The prevalence of SLT use in India was 25.2% for men and 24.5% for women aged 35 years and older. RRs for females and males were 1.34 (1.27–1.42) and 1.17 (1.05–1.42), respectively. The number of deaths attributable to SLT use in India is estimated to be 368127 (217,076 women and 151,051 men), with nearly three‑fifth (60%) of these deaths occurring among women. CON CLUSION: SLT use caused over 350,000 deaths in India in 2010, and nearly three‑fifth of SLT use‑attributable deaths were among women in India. This calls for targeted public health intervention focusing on SLT products especially among women.

Dispepsia / Dyspepsia

Etmologicamente, a palavra dispepsia (do grego dis = difícil e pepse = digestão) significa digestão difícil. Sob o ponto de vista clínico, corresponde a uma série de sintomas de origem gastroduodenal, como dor, queimação ou desconforto epigástrico, plenitude pós-prandial ou saciedade precoce associadas ou não a náusea, vômitos e distensão em andar superior do abdome. Traduz, pois, um distúrbio funcional ou orgânico, de localização epigástrica e origem gastroduodenal...

Etymologically, the greek word dis means hard and pepse means digestion. Therefore, dyspepsia is a poor digestion. From the clinical point of view, dyspepsia corresponds to a range of symptoms originated from gastroduodenal, like pain, heartburn or epigastric discomfort, postprandial fullness or early fullness related or not to nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal distension. So, this explain that a functional or organic decline situated at the epigastric area and it is originated from gastroduodenal...